Understanding Your Cycle
A menstrual cycle is counted from the first day of one period to the first day of the next. Most cycles last between 21 and 35 days, and bleeding usually lasts 2 to 7 days. The cycle has phases: menstruation (the lining of the uterus sheds), the follicular phase (an egg matures and oestrogen rises), ovulation (an egg is released, roughly two weeks before the next period), and the luteal phase (progesterone rises to prepare the lining, then falls if there is no pregnancy). Cycles are often irregular for the first year or two after periods start — that is normal while the body settles into a rhythm.
Tracking Your Period
Noting the start and end date of each period, how heavy the flow is, and any symptoms helps you learn your own pattern. You can use a paper calendar, notes on your phone, or a tracking app. Tracking makes it easier to plan ahead, notice changes early, and give a healthcare provider useful information. Remember that period-tracking apps store personal data, so check the privacy settings before you sign up.
Period Products
Pads sit in your underwear and come in different absorbencies. Tampons are inserted into the vagina and should be changed every 4 to 8 hours — never leave one in longer, as this raises the small risk of toxic shock syndrome. Menstrual cups and discs are reusable silicone products that collect rather than absorb blood and can usually be worn up to 12 hours. Period underwear absorbs flow and is washed and reused. All of these are safe options; the best one is whatever feels comfortable, affordable and practical for you. Wash your hands before and after changing any product.
Period Pain & PMS
Cramping is caused by the uterus contracting to shed its lining. Heat (a hot water bottle or warm bath), gentle movement, rest, and over-the-counter pain relief such as ibuprofen or paracetamol help many people — follow the packet instructions and check with a pharmacist if you take other medicines. Premenstrual symptoms in the days before a period can include mood changes, tiredness, sore breasts, bloating, headaches, and skin breakouts. Regular sleep, movement, and eating well can ease symptoms. Pain that stops you going to school, work, or activities is not something you have to put up with — it is worth seeing a healthcare provider.
Heavy or Irregular Periods
Periods are considered heavy if you soak through a pad or tampon every hour or two, pass clots larger than a coin, or need to change protection during the night. Irregular means cycles shorter than 21 days, longer than 35 days, or unpredictable from month to month. Common causes include hormonal changes in the years after periods start, stress, significant weight change, intense exercise, thyroid conditions, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), endometriosis, and some contraceptives. Heavy periods can also lead to iron deficiency, which causes tiredness and breathlessness.
When to Speak to a Healthcare Provider
Book an appointment if your periods are very heavy, if pain is severe or not helped by usual pain relief, if you bleed between periods or after sex, if your period suddenly stops for three months or more and you are not pregnant, if you have not started your period by around age 15 or within three years of breast development, or if you have unusual discharge, fever, or pelvic pain. These symptoms are common and treatable — asking about them early is always reasonable.
